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Kalpa is one of the six disciplines of Vedanga, treating ritual.
Tradition does not single out any special work in this branch of the Vedanga; but sacrificial practice gave rise to a large number of systematic sutras for the several classes of priests. A number of these works have come down to us, and they occupy by far the most prominent place among the literary productions of the sūtra-period. The Kalpa-sūtras, or rules of ceremonial, are of two kinds: (1) the Śrautasūtras, which are based on the shruti, and teach the performance of the great sacrifices, requiring three or five sacrificial fires; and (2) the Smartasūtras, or rules based on the smrti or tradition. The latter class again includes two kinds of treatises: (1) the Grhyasutras, or domestic rules, treating the rites of passage, such as marriage, birth, namegiving, etc., connected with simple offerings into the domestic fire; and (2) the Dharmasutras, which treat customs and social duties, and have formed the chief sources of the later law-books. Further, the Śrauta-sūtras of the Yajurveda have usually include a set of so-called Shulva-sutras, i.e. rules of the cord, which treat of the measurement by means of cords, and the construction, of different kinds of altars required for sacrifices. These treatises are of special interest as supplying important information regarding the earliest geometrical operations in India. Along with the Sutras may be classed a large number of supplementary treatises, usually called Pariśiṣṭa (परिशिष्ट), on various subjects connected with the sacred texts and Vedic religion generally.
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The Śrautasutras (śrautasūtra) form a part of the corpus of Sanskrit Sutra literature. Their topic are the instructions relating to the use of the shruti corpus in ritual ('kalpa') and the correct performance of rituals as such. Some early Shrautasutras were composed in the late Brahmana period (such as the Baudhyanana and Vadhula Sutras), but the bulk of the Shrautasutras are roughly contemporary to the Grhya corpus of domestic Sutras, their language being late Vedic Sanskrit, dating to the middle of the first millennium BCE, generally predating Panini).
| Veda | Śrautasûtra[1] |
|---|---|
| R̥gveda | Āśvalāyana Śrautasûtra Sāṅkhāyana Śrautasûtra |
| Sāmaveda | Lātyāyana Śrautasûtra Drāhyāyana Śrautasûtra Jaiminiya Śrautasûtra |
| Kr̥sna Yajurveda | Baudhāyana Śrautasûtra Vādhūla Śrautasûtra |
| Śukla Yajurveda | Kātyāyana Śrautasûtra |
| Atharvaveda | Vaitāna Śrautasûtra |
The Grhya Sutras "domestic sutras" are a category of Sanskrit texts prescribing Vedic ritual, mainly relating to rites of passage. Their language is late Vedic Sanskrit, and they date to around roughly 500 BCE, contemporary with the Shrautasutras. They are named after Vedic shakhas.
| Veda | Gr̥hyasûtra[1] |
|---|---|
| R̥gveda | Âśvalâyana-Grhyasûtra Kausîtaki-Grhyasûtra Śāṅkhāyana-Gr̥hyasūtra [1] |
| Sâmaveda | Gobhila-Grhyasûtra Khâdira-Grhyasûtra (Drâhyâyana-Grhyasûtra) Jaiminiya-Grhyasûtra Kauthuma-Grhyasûtra |
| Kr̥sna Yajurveda | Baudhâyana-Grhyasûtra Hiraṇyakeśi-Grhyasūtra (Satyâsâdha-Grhyasûtra) [2] Mânava-Grhyasûtra Bhâradvâja-Grhyasûtra Âpastamba-Grhyasûtra Âgniveśya-Grhyasûtra Vaikhânasa-Grhyasûtra Kâthaka-Grhyasûtra (Laugâksi-Grhyasûtra) Vârâha-Grhyasûtra Vâdhûla-Grhyasûtra Kapisthala-Katha Grhyasûtra (unpublished) |
| Śukla Yajurveda | Pâraskara-Grhyasûtra Katyayana-Grhyasûtra |
| Atharvaveda | Kauśika Grhyasûtra |
The Dharmasutras are Sanskrit texts dealing with custom, rituals and law. They include the four surviving written works of the ancient Indian tradition on the subject of dharma, or the rules of behavior recognized by a community. Unlike the later Dharmashastra, the dharmasutras are composed in prose. The oldest Dharmasutra is generally believed to have been that of Apastamba, followed by the dharmasutras of Gautama, Baudhayana, and an early version of Vasishtha. It is difficult to determine exact dates for these texts, but the dates between 500–300 BCE have been suggested for the oldest Dharmasutras. Later Dharmasutras include those of Kasyapa, Brhaspati, and Ushanas.
| Veda | Dharmasûtra[1] |
|---|---|
| R̥gveda | Vasishtha Dharmasûtra |
| Sāmaveda | Gautama Dharmasûtra |
| Kr̥sna Yajurveda | Baudhāyana Dharmasûtra Āpastamba Dharmasûtra |
| Śukla Yajurveda | Vishnu Dharmasûtra |
The Śulbasûtra that deal with laying out the offering ground and altar geometry are part of the Shrauta Sutras.
| Veda | Śulbasûtra[1] |
|---|---|
| Kr̥sna Yajurveda | Baudhāyana Śulbasûtra Mānava Śulbasûtra Āpastamba Śulbasûtra |
| Śukla Yajurveda | Kātyāyana Śulbasûtra |
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
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